Gakutei (1786 - 1868 )
Born in Edo as Harunobu Sugawara, Gakutei Yashima studied printmaking under Shuei and Hokkei. He moved to Osaka in the 1830s, where he designed landscape studies of his new home with a delicate and decorative style likely influenced by Hokusai. In addition to printmaking, he wrote kyoka (comic poems), often illustrating these verses in his prints. While a talented woodblock artist, Gakutei was also known throughout Japan as a writer. He translated and illustrated the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West.
Gakutei Yashima’s oeuvre consists primarily of surimono. These deluxe, limited-edition prints blend the rich visual imagery of ukiyo-e with the ethereal art of poetry. These works were privately commissioned by poetry societies and prosperous patrons of the arts, often in celebration of the New Year, poetry competitions, and other special occasions. Most surimono were printed with a light verse or clever aphorism and employed the most lavish printing techniques. These marvels of woodblock printing employed the finest handmade papers with generous use of gold, silver, bronze, mica, embossing and lacquer-like effect.
Japanese Woodblock Prints (1800 - 1868)
By the 19th century, Japanese woodblock prints achieved extraordinary popularity. While the shogunate issued a battery of censorship reforms throughout the 1800s, artists ignored and evaded restrictions with images of indulgent beauties and vibrant kabuki actors. As constraints tightened in the 1840s, bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women) became earthier in prints by Eizan and Eisen, while kabuki actors persevered in the work of Kunisada (aka Toyokuni III). During this period, ukiyo-e artists also added landscapes, warriors, ghosts and scenes of everyday life to their oeuvre. Artists such as Hokusai and Hiroshige indulged a national wanderlust through Meisho-e or “famous place pictures,” while Kuniyoshi championed musha-e, a genre of warrior and legendary pictures.